1. Disclaimer

This program comes with no warranty. You must use this program at your own risk.

2. Introduction

aria2 is a utility for downloading files. The supported protocols are HTTP(S), FTP, BitTorrent, and Metalink. aria2 can download a file from multiple sources/protocols and tries to utilize your maximum download bandwidth. It supports downloading a file from HTTP(S)/FTP and BitTorrent at the same time, while the data downloaded from HTTP(S)/FTP is uploaded to the BitTorrent swarm. Using Metalink’s chunk checksums, aria2 automatically validates chunks of data while downloading a file like BitTorrent.

The project page is located at http://aria2.sourceforge.net/.

See aria2 Online Manual and the usage example to learn how to use aria2.

3. Features

Here is a list of features:

  • Command-line interface

  • Download files through HTTP(S)/FTP/BitTorrent

  • Segmented downloading

  • Metalink version 4 (RFC 5854) support(HTTP/FTP/BitTorrent)

  • Metalink version 3.0 support(HTTP/FTP/BitTorrent)

  • Metalink/HTTP (RFC 6249) support

  • HTTP/1.1 implementation

  • HTTP Proxy support

  • HTTP BASIC authentication support

  • HTTP Proxy authentication support

  • Well-known environment variables for proxy: http_proxy, https_proxy, ftp_proxy, all_proxy and no_proxy

  • HTTP gzip, deflate content encoding support

  • Verify peer using given trusted CA certificate in HTTPS

  • Client certificate authentication in HTTPS

  • Chunked transfer encoding support

  • Load Cookies from file using the Firefox3 format, Chromium/Google Chrome and the Mozilla/Firefox (1.x/2.x)/Netscape format.

  • Save Cookies in the Mozilla/Firefox (1.x/2.x)/Netscape format.

  • Custom HTTP Header support

  • Persistent Connections support

  • FTP through HTTP Proxy

  • Download/Upload speed throttling

  • BitTorrent extensions: Fast extension, DHT, PEX, MSE/PSE, Multi-Tracker

  • BitTorrent WEB-Seeding. aria2 requests chunks more than piece size to reduce the request overhead. It also supports pipelined requests with piece size.

  • BitTorrent Local Peer Discovery

  • Rename/change the directory structure of BitTorrent downloads completely

  • JSON-RPC (over HTTP and WebSocket)/XML-RPC interface

  • Run as a daemon process

  • Selective download in multi-file torrent/Metalink

  • Chunk checksum validation in Metalink

  • Can disable segmented downloading in Metalink

  • Netrc support

  • Configuration file support

  • Download URIs found in a text file or stdin and the destination directory and output filename can be specified optionally

  • Parameterized URI support

  • IPv6 support

4. How to get source code

We maintain the source code at Github: https://github.com/tatsuhiro-t/aria2

To download the latest source code, run following command:

git clone git://github.com/tatsuhiro-t/aria2.git

This will create aria2 directory in your current directory and source files are stored there.

5. Dependency

Table 1. External Library Dependency
features dependency

HTTPS

GnuTLS or OpenSSL

BitTorrent

libnettle+libgmp or libgcrypt or OpenSSL

Metalink

libxml2 or Expat.

Checksum

libnettle or libgcrypt or OpenSSL

gzip, deflate in HTTP

zlib

Async DNS

C-Ares

Firefox3/Chromium cookie

libsqlite3

XML-RPC

libxml2 or Expat.

JSON-RPC over WebSocket

libnettle or libgcrypt or OpenSSL
Note

libxml2 has precedence over Expat if both libraries are installed. If you prefer Expat, run configure with --without-libxml2.

Note

GnuTLS has precedence over OpenSSL if both libraries are installed. If you prefer OpenSSL, run configure with --without-gnutls --with-openssl.

Note

libnettle has precedence over libgcrypt if both libraries are installed. If you prefer libgcrypt, run configure with --without-libnettle --with-libgcrypt. If OpenSSL is selected over GnuTLS, neither libnettle nor libgcrypt will be used.

A user can have one of the following configurations for SSL and crypto libraries:

  • libgcrypt

  • libnettle

  • OpenSSL

  • GnuTLS + libgcrypt

  • GnuTLS + libnettle

You can disable BitTorrent, Metalink support by providing --disable-bittorrent, --disable-metalink respectively to configure script.

In order to enable async DNS support, you need c-ares.

6. How to build

In order to build aria2 from the source package, you need following development packages(package name may vary depending on the distribution you use):

  • libgnutls-dev (Required for HTTPS, BitTorrent, Checksum support)

  • nettle-dev (Required for BitTorrent, Checksum support)

  • libgmp-dev (Required for BitTorrent)

  • libc-ares-dev (Required for async DNS support)

  • libxml2-dev (Required for Metalink support)

  • zlib1g-dev (Required for gzip, deflate decoding support in HTTP)

  • libsqlite3-dev (Required for Firefox3/Chromium cookie support)

You can use libgcrypt-dev instead of nettle-dev and libgmp-dev:

  • libgpg-error-dev (Required for BitTorrent, Checksum support)

  • libgcrypt-dev (Required for BitTorrent, Checksum support)

You can use libssl-dev instead of libgnutls-dev, nettle-dev, libgmp-dev, libgpg-error-dev and libgcrypt-dev:

  • libssl-dev (Required for HTTPS, BitTorrent, Checksum support)

You can use libexpat1-dev instead of libxml2-dev:

  • libexpat1-dev (Required for Metalink support)

You may also need pkg-config to detect the above mentioned libraries.

On Fedora you need the following packages: gcc, gcc-c++, kernel-devel, libgcrypt-devel, libgcrypt-devel, libxml2-devel, openssl-devel

If you downloaded source code from git repository, you have to run following command to generate configure script and other files necessary to build the program:

$ autoreconf -i

If you are building aria2 for Mac OS X, take a look at build_osx_release.sh, which builds OSX universal binary DMG.

The quickest way to build aria2 is just type following commands:

$ ./configure
$ make

The configure script checks available libraries and enables the features as much as possible because all the features are enabled by default.

Since 1.1.0, aria2 checks the certificate of HTTPS servers by default. If you build with HTTPS support, I recommend to supply the path to the CA bundle file. For example, in Debian the path to CA bundle file is /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt (in ca-certificates package). This may vary depending on your distribution. You can give it to configure script using --with-ca-bundle option:

$ ./configure --with-ca-bundle='/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt'
$ make

Without --with-ca-bundle option, you will encounter the error when accessing HTTPS servers because the certificate cannot be verified without CA bundle. In such case, you can specify the CA bundle file using aria2’s --ca-certificate option. If you don’t have CA bundle file installed, then the last resort is disable the certificate validation using --check-certificate=false.

The executable is aria2c in src directory.

aria2 uses CppUnit for automated unit testing. To run the unit test:

$ make check

7. BitTorrrent

7.1. About filename

The filename of the downloaded file is determined as follows:

single-file mode

If "name" key is present in .torrent file, filename is the value of "name" key. Otherwise, filename is the basename of .torrent file appended by ".file". For example, .torrent file is "test.torrrent", then filename is "test.torrent.file". The directory to store the downloaded file can be specified by -d option.

multi-file mode

The complete directory/file structure mentioned in .torrent file is created. The directory to store the top directory of downloaded files can be specified by -d option.

Before download starts, a complete directory structure is created if needed. By default, aria2 opens at most 100 files mentioned in .torrent file, and directly writes to and reads from these files. The number of files to open simultaneously can be controlled by --bt-max-open-files option.

7.2. DHT

aria2 supports mainline compatible DHT. By default, the routing table for IPv4 DHT is saved to $HOME/.aria2/dht.dat and the routing table for IPv6 DHT is saved to $HOME/.aria2/dht6.dat. aria2 uses same port number to listen on for both IPv4 and IPv6 DHT.

7.3. Other things should be noted

  • -o option is used to change the filename of .torrent file itself, not a filename of a file in .torrent file. For this purpose, use --index-out option instead.

  • The port numbers that aria2 uses by default are 6881-6999 for TCP and UDP.

  • aria2 doesn’t configure port-forwarding automatically. Please configure your router or firewall manually.

  • The maximum number of peers is 55. This limit may be exceeded when download rate is low. This download rate can be adjusted using --bt-request-peer-speed-limit option.

  • As of release 0.10.0, aria2 stops sending request message after selective download completes.

8. Metalink

The current implementation supports HTTP(S)/FTP/BitTorrent. The other P2P protocols are ignored. Both Metalink4 and Metalink version 3.0 documents are supported.

For checksum verification, md5, sha-1, sha-224, sha-256, sha-384 and sha-512 are supported. If multiple hash algorithms are provided, aria2 uses stronger one. If whole file checksum verification fails, aria2 doesn’t retry the download and just exits with non-zero return code.

The supported user preferences are version, language, location, protocol and os.

If chunk checksums are provided in Metalink file, aria2 automatically validates chunks of data during download. This behavior can be turned off by a command-line option.

If signature is included in a Metalink file, aria2 saves it as a file after the completion of the download. The filename is download filename + ".sig". If same file already exists, the signature file is not saved.

In Metalink4, multi-file torrent could appear in metalink:metaurl element. Since aria2 cannot download 2 same torrents at the same time, aria2 groups files in metalink:file element which has same BitTorrent metaurl and downloads them from a single BitTorrent swarm. This is basically multi-file torrent download with file selection, so the adjacent files which is not in Metalink document but shares same piece with selected file are also created.

If relative URI is specified in metalink:url or metalink:metaurl element, aria2 uses the URI of Metalink file as base URI to resolve the relative URI. If relative URI is found in Metalink file which is read from local disk, aria2 uses the value of --metalink-base-uri option as base URI. If this option is not specified, the relative URI will be ignored.

9. Metalink/HTTP

The current implementation only uses rel=duplicate links only. aria2 understands Digest header fields and check whether it matches the digest value from other sources. If it differs, drop connection. aria2 also uses this digest value to perform checksum verification after download finished. aria2 recognizes geo value. To tell aria2 which location you prefer, you can use --metalink-location option.

10. netrc

netrc support is enabled by default for HTTP(S)/FTP. To disable netrc support, specify -n command-line option. Your .netrc file should have correct permissions(600).

11. WebSocket

The WebSocket server embedded in aria2 implements the specification defined in RFC 6455. The supported protocol version is 13.

12. References